In some European languages, Germanic cognates of the Old Norse name are still in use for pines—in Danish fyr, in Norwegian fura/fure/furu, Swedish fura/furu, Dutch vuren, and German Föhre—but in modern English, fir is now restricted to fir (Abies) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga). Pine may also refer to the lumber derived from pine trees; pine is one of the more extensively used types of wood used as lumber. Pinus is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. They are an essential ingredient of pesto alla genovese. [3] Before the 19th century, pines were often referred to as firs (from Old Norse fura, by way of Middle English firre). "Follow-up: More tales of the Prometheus tree and how it died", "How One Man Accidentally Killed the Oldest Tree Ever", "Phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation in pinus section trifoliae inferrred from plastid DNA", "Pollen Stoichiometry May Influence Detrital Terrestrial and Aquatic Food Webs", "Choosing a Timber Species - Timber Frame HQ", "5 radical material innovations that will shape tomorrow", "NZ Farm Forestry - Radiata pine silviculture in Chile", "NZ Farm Forestry - NZFFA guide sheet No. Conifers evolved about 300 million years ago, and pines perhaps 200 million years ago. 1: An Introduction to Growing Radiata Pine", "Impact on profitability, risk, optimum rotation age and afforestation of changing the New Zealand emissions trading scheme to an averaging approach", "Antioxidant activity and analysis of proanthocyanidins from pine (Pinus densiflora) needles". Species Pinus taeda L. – loblolly pine P Enter a scientific or common name at any rank. The male cones are small, typically 1–5 cm long, and only present for a short period (usually in spring, though autumn in a few pines), falling as soon as they have shed their pollen. The pine is a motif in Chinese art and literature, which sometimes combines painting and poetry in the same work. The modern English name "pine" derives from Latin pinus, which some have traced to the Indo-European base *pīt- ‘resin’ (source of English pituitary). See List of Pinus species for complete taxonomy to species level. Pinus taeda
Pine boughs, appreciated especially in wintertime for their pleasant smell and greenery, are popularly cut for decorations. This page was last edited on 24 November 2020, at 08:00. [citation needed], The seeds are commonly eaten by birds, such as grouse, crossbills, jays, nuthatches, siskins, and woodpeckers, and by squirrels. [20] Nutrients from pollen aid detritivores in development, growth, and maturation, and may enable fungi to decompose nutritionally scarce litter. Forchem tall oil refinery in Rauma, Finland. Pine trees, as well as other conifers, are mentioned in The Bible. [13] Based on recent transriptome analysis, Pinus is most closely related to the genus Cathaya, which in turn is closely related to spruces. The female cones take 1.5–3 years (depending on species) to mature after pollination, with actual fertilization delayed one year. [30][31]. A prescribed fire in a European black pine (Pinus nigra) woodland, Portugal, Pinus sylvestris prepared for transport, Hungary. Taxonomic Serial No. Fattig P (2011-01-23). http://plants.usda.gov. Female cones are woody and sometimes armed to protect developing seeds from foragers. Many of the smaller groups of Pinus are composed of closely related species with recent divergence and history of hybridization. Bark: Old tree growing in the Congaree National Monument near Columbia, South Carolina, USA. These are produced for six months to five years, rarely longer. Thinning allows the best trees to grow much faster, because it prevents weaker trees from competing for sunlight, water, and nutrients. This tree can be found in the White Mountains of California. lodgepole pine) can tolerate poorly drained wet soils. Young trees removed during thinning are used for pulpwood or are left in the forest, while most older ones are good enough for saw timber. The Plant List compiled by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden accepts 126 species names of pines as current, together with 35 unresolved species and many more synonyms. A pine is any conifer in the genus Pinus (/ˈpiːnuːs/)[1] of the family Pinaceae. Writers of various nationalities and ethnicities have written of pines. [20] Pine pollen is also involved in moving plant matter between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.[20]. [6] An older tree, now cut down, was dated at 4,900 years old. The spiral growth of branches, needles, and cone scales may be arranged in Fibonacci number ratios. In North America, various species occur in regions at latitudes from as far north as 66°N to as far south as 12°N. [5], Pines are long lived and typically reach ages of 100–1,000 years, some even more. Pine needles from Pinus densiflora were found to contain 30.54 mg/g of proanthocyanidins when extracted with hot water. Pine needle handicrafts are made in the US, Canada, Mexico, Nicaragua, and India. Pines are among the most commercially important tree species valued for their timber and wood pulp throughout the world. [28][29] Pine trees are evergreen, coniferous resinous trees (or, rarely, shrubs) growing 3–80 m (10–260 ft) tall, with the majority of species reaching 15–45 m (50–150 ft) tall. Some birds, notably the spotted nutcracker, Clark's nutcracker, and pinyon jay, are of importance in distributing pine seeds to new areas. [24] Pine needles are also used for making decorative articles such as baskets, trays, pots, etc., and during the U.S. Civil War, the needles of the longleaf pine "Georgia pine" were widely employed in this. Among them, John Muir,[36] Dora Sigerson Shorter,[37] Eugene Field,[38] the Chinese,[39] Theodore Winthrop,[40] and Rev. This results in low morphological and genetic differences. At maturity the female cones are 3–60 cm long. The artist was active c. 1830-1864 and the woodcut is dated about 1860. Pines are also commercially grown and harvested for Christmas trees. The bark of most pines is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaky bark. Because pines have no insect- or decay-resistant qualities after logging, untreated they are generally recommended for construction purposes as indoor use only (indoor drywall framing, for example). "NEHEMIAH 8:15 KJV "And that they should publish and proclaim in all their cities, and in Jerusalem, saying, Go forth unto... International Federation of Building and Wood Workers, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pine&oldid=990401010, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Buds slender, covered by brown scales. Pine needles are sometimes eaten by some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species (see list of Lepidoptera that feed on pines), the Symphytan species pine sawfly, and goats. L. The soft, moist, white inner bark (cambium) beneath the woody outer bark is edible and very high in vitamins A and C.[citation needed][32] It can be eaten raw in slices as a snack or dried and ground up into a powder for use as an ersatz flour or thickener in stews, soups, and other foods, such as bark bread. ", "13: The glory of Lebanon shall come unto thee, the fir tree, the pine tree, and the box together, to beautify the place of my sanctuary; and I will make the place of my feet glorious.". Pines are mostly monoecious, having the male and female cones on the same tree, though a few species are sub-dioecious, with individuals predominantly, but not wholly, single-sex. Some species have large seeds, called pine nuts, that are harvested and sold for cooking and baking. U.S. Weed Information; Pinus taeda . Kingdom: Plantae – Plants Subkingdom: Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Superdivision : Spermatophyta ... Pinus taeda L. – loblolly pine Subordinate Taxa. The most common form of serotiny is pyriscence, in which a resin binds the cones shut until melted by a forest fire, for example in Pinus rigida. One species (Sumatran pine) crosses the equator in Sumatra to 2°S. Various species have been introduced to temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, where they are grown as timber or cultivated as ornamental plants in parks and gardens. Some of these Lepidoptera species, many of them moths, specialize in feeding on only one or sometimes several species of pine. It dates back to 206 million years ago. Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. A picture portraying the turpentine industry. 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