Hydrochloric acid, the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride… Boiling Point: 108.58 C @ 760 mm Hg (for 20.22% HCl in water) 83 C @ 760 mm Hg (for 31% HCl in water) 50.5 C (for 37% HCl in water), Melting Point: -62.25°C (-80°F) (20.69% HCl in water) -46.2 C (31.24% HCl in water) -25.4 C (39.17% HCl in water). The large scale production of hydrochloric acid is almost always integrated with other industrial scale chemicals production. Solutions for household purposes, mostly cleaning, are typically 10 percent to 12 percent, with strong recommendations to dilute before use. HCl is not a common pickling agent for stainless steel grades. Major producers worldwide include Dow Chemical at 2 million metric tons annually (2 Mt/year), calculated as HCl gas, and FMC, Georgia Gulf Corporation, Tosoh Corporation, Akzo Nobel, and Tessenderlo at 0.5 to 1.5 Mt/year each. Reactive with oxidizing agents, organic materials, alkalis, water. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. Upon mixing hydrochloric acid with common oxidizing chemicals, such as bleach (NaClO) or permanganate (KMnO4), the toxic gas chlorine is produced. In a complex process and at a large energetic burden, it is secreted by parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells). Hydrochloric acid is a fundamental chemical, and as such it is used for a large number of small-scale applications, such as leather processing, household cleaning, and building construction. The most common regeneration process is the pyrohydrolysis process, applying the following formula: By recuperation of the spent acid, a closed acid loop is established. Physical properties of hydrochloric acid, such as boiling and melting points, density, and pH, depend on the concentration or molarity of HCl in the aqueous solution. Severe Corrosive effect on brass and bronze. In a complex process and at a large energetic burden, it is secreted by parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells). Cotton, F. Albert, and Geoffrey Wilkinson. Cation exchange is widely used to remove ions such as Na+ and Ca2+ from aqueous solutions, producing demineralized water. Many chemical reactions involving hydrochloric acid are applied in the production of food, food ingredients, and food additives. These cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted into the lumen of the stomach. Hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless solution and has a very caustic odor. Bulk industrial-grade is therefore 30 percent to 34 percent, optimized for effective transport and limited product loss by HCl vapors. Hydrochloric acid in high concentrations forms acidic mists. https://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9924285, Physical state and appearance: liquid, colourless- light yellow. Art, Music, Literature, Sports and leisure, https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Hydrochloric_acid&oldid=1009030, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, A thick mucus layer covering the epithelium, Sodium bicarbonate secreted by gastric epithelial cells and pancreas, The structure of epithelium (tight junctions), Prostaglandins (many different effects: they stimulate mucus and bicarbonate secretion, maintain epithelial barrier integrity, enable adequate blood supply, stimulate the healing of the damaged mucous membrane). Hydrochloric acid is also partly responsible for the harmful or blistering effects of mustard gas. Food-grade (extra-pure) hydrochloric acid can be applied when needed for the final product. Hydrochloric acid constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. It attacks nearly all metals (mercury, gold, platinium, tantalum, silver, and certain alloys are exceptions). To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. Information on basic physical and chemical properties: Appearance Colorless to light yellow liquid Odor Pungent (irritating/strong) Odor threshold 0.3ppm (can cause olfactory fatigue) pH <1 (in aqueous solution) Melting point/freezing point -30°C (-22°F) Initial boiling point >100°C (>212°F) Flash point Not … Non-corrosive in presence of glass. Hydrochloric acid constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. Concentrated hydrochloric acid (fuming hydrochloric acid) is about 38% HCl in water. Hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid are important in technology and industry. Hydrochloric acid can be an ingredient in household cleaners such as toilet bowl cleaners, bathroom tile cleaners and other porcelain cleaners, due … 1984. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. The latter disrupts the alveolar-capillary membranes so that the lung becomes filled with fluid (pulmonary edema). The photograph shows the Lewis structure of hydrogen chloride (the compound that makes up hydrochloric acid when in an aqueous solution). The ferric oxide by product of the regeneration process is a valuable by-product, used in a variety of secondary industries.

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